Our World in Data

Ireland's Data Protection Commission has imposed a €403 million fine on Google for breaching the EU's General Data Protection Regulation. The penalty, reported by The Irish Times, is one of the larger GDPR enforcement actions to date and stems from the regulator's long-running investigation into the company's data practices. The case renews debate over Big Tech's handling of user data in Europe and the pace of Irish enforcement.

A World Health Organization pandemic agreement has been signed by countries, yet it remains in limbo over unresolved details, notably financing and how nations will share vaccines and pathogen data. Questions are being raised about what is holding up its implementation, with observers pointing to political and logistical obstacles ahead of countries actually putting the treaty into effect.

Our World in Data has published an analysis placing current immigration to the United States in long-term historical context, examining whether today's inflows are unprecedented when viewed against past migration waves. The piece compares recent levels of foreign-born population and annual arrivals with earlier periods of American history. Readers are debating how the historical figures shape views on current immigration policy.

New research from the University of Arizona analysing decades of satellite imagery finds that the world's drylands, though greening as vegetation responds to rising carbon dioxide, are increasingly locked into extreme 'boom-and-bust' cycles — rapid plant growth followed by sudden collapses. Scientists warn the pattern could destabilise ecosystems and the communities that depend on them.

Niantic Spatial is adapting the spatial mapping technology behind Pokémon GO into spatial AI designed for robots, according to a report by South Korea's Chosun Ilbo. The move signals the company's push beyond mobile gaming into robotics, leveraging years of real-world 3D mapping data collected from players. The announcement is drawing attention in robotics circles as spatial intelligence becomes a key area of competition.